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Chapter 8UNEMPLOYMENT AND JOBLESSNESS
One of the limitations of this report is that the data are now four years old. Some of the data were not available until the fall of 2003, however, because the different census "counts" are published at staged intervals. The data are still useful if one assumes that even though the precise statistics change, the relative position of various types of neighborhoods do not change dramatically unless there is some kind of national or community - wide change in economics or location of a major urban renewal program. Some of the changes brought about by welfare reform were captured in the 2000 census. The effects of the 2000 recession are not.
Definitions The Census Bureau considers a person "employed" if he or she had a job or worked even part time at a family farm or business during the week the census was taken. A person is considered "unemployed" if he or she (a civilian 16 years or older) did not have a job but had looked for a job within the past four weeks and was available for work. A frequent criticism of this definition of "unemployment" is that it may exclude the discouraged worker, the person who has simply quit actively looking for work due to past failures or current labor market conditions. The employed and the unemployed together comprise the "civilian labor force." The unemployment rate is expressed as a percent of the civilian labor force. Those classified as "not in the civilian labor force" include inmates of institutions, students, others under 65, and others over 65. Presumably it is in the category "others under 65 not in the civilian labor force" where we would find discouraged workers. A combination of those unemployed and those "under 65 not in the civilian labor force" are classified as jobless in Table 8a. And finally, "under- employed" or "sub employed" are terms used to designate those persons who may be working but who do not earn enough to support themselves and/or their families.
In 2000, less than half of Cincinnati's 48 neighborhoods had equal to or less than the city wide unemployment rate of 9.0 percent. In 1970 there was about the same number below the city wide average of 4.7 percent unemployed. In 2000 there were six communities with unemployment rates double the city average compared to eleven in 1990, seven in 1980 and five in 1970. African American and Appalachian neighborhoods made up all those with higher unemployment.
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